iSQI ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level - Test Analyst (Syllabus 2019) CTAL-TA_Syll2019 Exam Questions

Answer : A

A Test Analyst is responsible for testing the functional and non-functional aspects of the system that are related to the business domain, user needs, and quality characteristics. A Test Analyst will typically test the requirements that specify the expected behavior and functionality of the system, such as P101, P102, and P103. P104 is a performance requirement that specifies a measurable criterion for the system's efficiency and responsiveness. This type of requirement is usually tested by a Technical Test Analyst, who has the skills and tools to design and execute performance tests.Reference= ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst 2019, Chapter 1.1.2, Roles and Responsibilities of the Technical Test Analyst; ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst 2019, Chapter 1.1.2, Roles and Responsibilities of the Test Analyst; ISTQB Glossary, Version 4.0.2, Performance Testing, Functional Testing, Non-functional Testing.

Answer : A

This is an effective method to employ business users in your testing effort because it allows them to leverage their domain knowledge and experience without requiring them to have technical skills or testing tools. Test charters are high-level descriptions of the test objectives, scope, and approach that guide the testers to explore the system and report any issues they find. Test charters are flexible and can be adapted to different test levels and types.They are also suitable for the V-model development lifecycle, which emphasizes verification and validation at each stage of the development process1

Reference=

ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, Section 3.2.3.2, page 482

Exploratory Testing: An Agile Approach | Software Testing Help3

Exploratory Testing: What are Test Charters?| TestLodge Blog4

Answer : A

Interoperability is the degree to which two or more systems or components can exchange and use information. It is a crucial quality characteristic for an e-commerce product that needs to interface with backend applications, such as finance, stock control and order delivery. The test plan must include tests to verify that the COTS package can communicate and integrate with the existing systems and applications, and that the data and functionality are consistent and accurate across the interfaces.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst, page 10, section 1.2.2.2.

Answer : C

1-switch coverage means that every possible transition from one state to another is tested at least once. Option C is the only test case that covers the transition from 2nd try to eat card, which is not covered by any other option.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst, page 58, section 4.3.2.2.

Answer : B

Answer : C

Installability testing is a type of non-functional testing that focuses on verifying that the software can be installed, upgraded, and uninstalled without errors or interruptions1.It is usually performed by a technical test analyst who has knowledge of the installation requirements, dependencies, and configurations2.The main objectives of installability testing are to ensure that the software is compatible with different platforms, environments, and hardware specifications, and that the installation and de-installation processes are functional, reliable, and secure3.Usability issues, such as the clarity, simplicity, and efficiency of the installation and de-installation user interfaces, are not the primary concern of installability testing, and may be better addressed by other types of testing, such as usability testing or user acceptance testing4.Reference=Installation testing - Wikipedia;ISTQB Advanced Level Technical Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, section 4.3.2;Mastering Installability Testing: A Key Software Quality Assurance Process;Installation Testing | Complete Overview Of Installation Testing

Answer : D

The classification tree shows the combinations of power units and body styles for the Supercar online vehicle sales website. Since SUVs are not available in hybrid, and the existing test cases already cover petrol SUV, electric saloon, and petrol hatchback, the missing test case is hybrid hatchback to achieve minimum class coverage.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst, Section 3.2.3, Classification Trees1;ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst (CTAL) Exam Study Guide, Section 3.2.3, Classification Trees2

Answer : D

A decision table is a technique that shows the possible combinations of conditions and actions for a given problem. A decision table that is not collapsed has one test case for each combination of conditions, regardless of whether the actions are the same or different. The tax system specification has three conditions: salary less than 20,000, married, and number of children between three and four. Each condition has two possible values: true or false. Therefore, the number of test cases for a non-collapsed decision table is 2^3 = 8.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

Decision tables - IBM2, section ''Decision table overview''

Answer : B

Use cases can be used for performance testing to measure the response time and throughput of the system under different workloads and scenarios. Use cases describe the process flows through the system based on its most likely use, which can help to simulate realistic user behavior and identify potential bottlenecks and performance issues.

Reference=

ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, Section 3.2.2.2, page 411

How to write a performance test case | MyLoadTest2

Performance Testing Types, Steps, Best Practices, and Metrics - Stackify3

Answer : C

Test conditions are the inputs and expected outputs of a test case, based on the requirements. To identify the test conditions from REQ2 and REQ3, we need to consider all the possible combinations of the categories of hours exposed to the sun (A, B, C) and the labels of sun intensity (low, medium, high, extreme). There are 12 such combinations in total. However, the three test cases given only cover 3 of them: A-low, C-medium, and A-low. Therefore, there are 9 test conditions that are not covered by the test cases. However, some of these test conditions are invalid or impossible, such as A-extreme or C-low, because the sun intensity is correlated with the hours exposed to the sun. Therefore, we need to exclude these invalid test conditions from the count. According to theSkin Cancer Foundation, the sun intensity is usually low before 10 a.m. and after 4 p.m., medium between 10 a.m. and 1 p.m., high between 1 p.m. and 4 p.m., and extreme between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. in the summer or at high altitudes. Based on this information, we can assume that the valid test conditions are:

A-low

A-medium

B-medium

B-high

C-high

C-extreme

These six test conditions are not covered by the three test cases, so the answer is C. 6.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst(Section 3.2.1),Be Safe in the Sun(Section 2.1)

Answer : C

Exploratory testing is an approach that involves simultaneous learning, test design, and test execution. It is suitable for testing a web application with minimal documentation and tight deadlines. Test chatters are brief notes that describe the test objectives, test ideas, test data, test steps, and test results. They are used to guide the testing and document the test sessions. Test chatters are flexible and adaptable to the changing requirements and feedback from the stakeholders.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst, Section 2.3.2, Exploratory Testing1;What is Exploratory Testing? - Guru99, Section How to execute Exploratory Tests2

Answer : B

A decision table is collapsed when duplicate or impossible cases are removed. In this decision table, there are two duplicate cases: column 2 and column 4 have the same actions (A1 and A2), and column 5 and column 6 have the same action (A1). There are also two impossible cases: column 7 and column 8 have no actions, which means that there is no outcome for these combinations of conditions. Therefore, after collapsing the decision table, only two cases are left: column 1 and column 3, which have different actions (A1 and A2 for column 1, and A1 for column 3).Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

Decision Table-Based Testing2, section ''Don't Care Entries and Rule Counts''

A Guide on Building Decision Tables3, section ''How to ensure that the Table is Complete?''

Answer : C

The specification does not clearly define the dependencies between the power unit and the body style options. For example, it is not clear if the user can select a hybrid power unit and then choose a saloon body style, or if the hybrid option is only available after selecting a hatchback body style. Similarly, it is not clear if the user can select an SUV body style and then choose a hybrid power unit, or if the SUV option is only available with petrol or diesel power units. These dependencies affect the usability of the site, as they may confuse the user or limit their choices. The specification should specify the valid combinations of power unit and body style, and how the site will handle invalid or unavailable combinations.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst, page 80, section 5.3.2.1.

Answer : C

State transition is a technique that analyzes the behavior of an application for different input conditions and how it changes from one state to another in response to events.It is useful for testing scenarios where the date of reservation is a critical factor that affects the system state and output1

Reference=

ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, Section 3.2.2.3, page 432

State Transition Testing -- Diagram & Technique (Example) - Guru993

State Transition Testing - GeeksforGeeks4

Answer : A

The correct answer is A. Functional testing.

Functional testing

Functional testing is the type of testing that focuses on completeness, appropriateness, and correctness characteristics of the application under test. Completeness means that all the functions and features of the application are tested. Appropriateness means that the functions and features are suitable for the intended purpose and meet the user's needs. Correctness means that the functions and features produce the expected results and do not contain any errors or defects1.

Reference =

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst2, Section 3.2.2 Functionality

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst3, Section 3.2.2 Functionality

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide4, Section 3.2.2 Functionality

Answer : A

The correct answer is A. It can be used to anonymize production data.

It can be used to anonymize production data

A test data preparation tool is a type of test tool that allows data to be selected from an existing database or created, generated, manipulated and edited for use in tests. One of the capabilities of such a tool is to anonymize production data, which means to mask or replace sensitive or confidential information with fictitious or random data, to protect the privacy and security of the data and comply with the regulations1.

Reference =

What is Test data preparation tools in software testing?2

Top 14 BEST Test Data Management Tools In 20233

Test Data Preparation Tools: 5 Must-Have Features4

Answer : D

Defect taxonomies are categorized lists of defects that can be used to identify and prevent common types of errors in software development and testing. They can also be used to design test cases that target specific defect types, such as security vulnerabilities. Therefore, using a list of known defect types to penetrate the security of computer systems is an example of the use of defect taxonomies.Reference=Defect Taxonomies - The Practical Guide to Defect Prevention(Chapter 10),Using Defect Taxonomies for Testing Requirements,Defect Based Approach using Defect Taxonomy,Requirements-based testing with defect taxonomies

Answer : A

Pairwise testing is a technique that reduces the number of test cases by testing only pairs of values for each data item, instead of testing all possible combinations. Pairwise testing is based on the assumption that most defects are caused by interactions of at most two factors. Pairwise testing can be applied to this problem using the classification tree, which shows the data items and their values. By using pairwise testing, the number of test cases will be lower than exhaustive testing, which would require testing every combination of values for each data item.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

Data Combination Test (DCoT) | TMap2, section ''Coverage level''

Pairwise Software Testing - GeeksforGeeks3, section ''Introduction''

Answer : B

The use case only describes the normal or happy path scenario, where the user performs a successful cash withdrawal. However, it does not consider any alternative or exceptional scenarios, such as invalid card, incorrect PIN, insufficient balance, network failure, etc. These scenarios are important to test the robustness and reliability of the ATM system, and should be included in the use case specification.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst, Section 2.2.1, Use Case Testing1;ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst (CTAL) Exam Study Guide, Section 2.2.1, Use Case Testing2

Answer : B

A decision table is collapsed when duplicate or impossible cases are removed. In this decision table, there are two duplicate cases: column 2 and column 4 have the same actions (A1 and A2), and column 5 and column 6 have the same action (A1). There are also two impossible cases: column 7 and column 8 have no actions, which means that there is no outcome for these combinations of conditions. Therefore, after collapsing the decision table, only two cases are left: column 1 and column 3, which have different actions (A1 and A2 for column 1, and A1 for column 3).Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

Decision Table-Based Testing2, section ''Don't Care Entries and Rule Counts''

A Guide on Building Decision Tables3, section ''How to ensure that the Table is Complete?''

Answer : A

The correct answer is A. It can be used to anonymize production data.

It can be used to anonymize production data

A test data preparation tool is a type of test tool that allows data to be selected from an existing database or created, generated, manipulated and edited for use in tests. One of the capabilities of such a tool is to anonymize production data, which means to mask or replace sensitive or confidential information with fictitious or random data, to protect the privacy and security of the data and comply with the regulations1.

Reference =

What is Test data preparation tools in software testing?2

Top 14 BEST Test Data Management Tools In 20233

Test Data Preparation Tools: 5 Must-Have Features4

Answer : D

The correct answer is D. User acceptance testing.

User acceptance testing

User acceptance testing (UAT) is the type of testing that focuses on high-level business cases and ensures that the system meets the user's needs and expectations. It is usually conducted in the software development lifecycle after the system integration testing and before the deployment. UAT involves real users or stakeholders who validate the functionality, usability, and reliability of the system in a realistic environment1.

Reference =

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst2, Section 3.2.2 Functionality

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide3, Section 3.2.2 Functionality

User Acceptance Testing: A Complete Guide4, Section 1. What is User Acceptance Testing?

Answer : D

The correct answer is D. The story contains more than one item of functionality.

The story contains more than one item of functionality

A user story should be small, simple, and focused on one item of functionality that delivers value to the user. This story combines two items of functionality: querying the balance and withdrawing money. These items could be separated into two different stories, each with its own acceptance criteria and priority. This would make the stories easier to understand, estimate, test, and deliver1.

Reference =

User Stories | Examples and Template | Atlassian2, Section User story best practices

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst3, Section 2.1.1 Test Analyst Tasks in the Test Process

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide4, Section 2.1.1 Test Analyst Tasks in the Test Process

Answer : C

A 0-switch test case is a test case that covers one transition from one state to another. To achieve 100% 0-switch coverage, all the transitions in the state table must be tested. There are eight transitions in the state table, as shown by the arrows. Therefore, eight 0-switch test cases are needed.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

How to Design Test Cases Using State Transition Testing Technique?2, section ''0-switch coverage''

0 and 1 - Switch Coverage in State Transition Testing?3, answer by Marco Filippone

Answer : C

State transition testing is a technique that models the behavior of a system as a finite number of states and the transitions between them. It is suitable for testing systems that have different outcomes depending on the previous history of inputs and events. In this case, the ATM system has different states depending on whether the user has entered a valid or invalid PIN code, and how many times they have tried. 1-switch coverage is a criterion that requires testing all possible pairs of transitions from one state to another. This can help to find failures that occur when the system changes from one state to another, or when the system does not change state when it should. For example, 1-switch coverage would test the following scenarios:

User enters a valid PIN code on the first try and requests a cash advance (valid transition from unauthenticated to authenticated state)

User enters an invalid PIN code on the first try and then a valid PIN code on the second try and requests a cash advance (valid transition from unauthenticated to authenticated state after one invalid attempt)

User enters an invalid PIN code on the first and second try and then a valid PIN code on the third try and requests a cash advance (valid transition from unauthenticated to authenticated state after two invalid attempts)

User enters an invalid PIN code on the first, second, and third try and the system rejects the card (valid transition from unauthenticated to rejected state after three invalid attempts)

User enters a valid PIN code on the first try and then requests a cash advance twice (invalid transition from authenticated to authenticated state without inserting the card again)

User enters a valid PIN code on the first try and then removes the card and inserts it again and requests a cash advance (invalid transition from authenticated to unauthenticated state without entering the PIN code again)

Reference=ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, section 3.2.3;How to Design Test Cases Using State Transition Testing Technique?;0 and 1 - Switch Coverage in State Transition Testing?

Answer : A

A usability review is a technique that evaluates the usability of a system or product based on a set of criteria or heuristics, without involving the actual users. It can be performed by experts or peers, and it can identify potential usability problems and suggest improvements. A usability review is suitable for situations where the availability of users is limited or impractical, and it can provide quick and low-cost feedback.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst, page 81, section 5.3.2.2.

Answer : B

Boundary value analysis is a technique that focuses on testing the values at the boundaries of valid and invalid partitions. It is suitable for testing the errors caused by incorrect use of relational operators in the code, such as ''>'' and ''<'' instead of ''>='' and ''<=''. By creating test cases using boundary value analysis, the tester can verify that the system handles the borderline cases correctly and does not miss any edge cases.

Reference=

ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, Section 3.2.2.2, page 411

Software Testing - Boundary Value Analysis - GeeksforGeeks2

State Transition Testing -- Diagram & Technique (Example) - Guru993

Answer : D

The correct answer is D. Functional appropriateness.

Functional appropriateness

Functional appropriateness is the type of testing that ensures the application is suitable for the intended purpose and the user's needs. It evaluates the relevance, usefulness, and user-friendliness of the application's functions and features. In this case, the application should be tested for its suitability for senior citizens, who may have different preferences, expectations, and abilities than younger users. The interface should be easy to understand, navigate, and operate, and the application should provide adequate help and feedback to the users1.

Reference =

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst2, Section 3.2.2 Functionality

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide3, Section 3.2.2 Functionality

Usability Is Ageless: Conducting Usability Tests with Older Adults4, Section 1.1 Conceptualizing and Assessing Usability

Answer : D

The correct answer is D. The story contains more than one item of functionality.

The story contains more than one item of functionality

A user story should be small, simple, and focused on one item of functionality that delivers value to the user. This story combines two items of functionality: querying the balance and withdrawing money. These items could be separated into two different stories, each with its own acceptance criteria and priority. This would make the stories easier to understand, estimate, test, and deliver1.

Reference =

User Stories | Examples and Template | Atlassian2, Section User story best practices

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst3, Section 2.1.1 Test Analyst Tasks in the Test Process

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide4, Section 2.1.1 Test Analyst Tasks in the Test Process

Answer : A

Low-level test cases are more suitable for testing software that controls the braking mechanism for commuter trains, as they provide more detail and specificity for verifying the functionality and safety of the system1.Low-level test cases also use predefined data, which is more reliable and consistent than tester-created data, and can be easily traced to the test conditions and requirements2.High-level test cases are more abstract and vague, and may not cover all the possible scenarios and risks involved in testing such a critical system3.

Reference=1:Test Case Design: a Guide for QA Engineers With Examples2:How to Write Test Cases in Software Testing with Examples3:Test Case vs Test Scenario -- Difference Between Them

Answer : A

The correct answer is A. Create test data for the keywords that includes error data and verifies the proper error is returned.

Create test data for the keywords that includes error data and verifies the proper error is returned

This is the best way to test the error conditions and still use the keyword-driven tests because it allows the reuse of the existing keywords and functions, while providing different inputs and expected outputs for the test cases. It also ensures that the error checking is automated and consistent, and that the test coverage is adequate1.

Reference =

Keyword Driven Testing Framework with Example2, Section How to create Keyword Driven Framework

What is Keyword Driven Testing: A Detailed Tutorial With Examples3, Section How to perform Keyword Driven Testing

KEYWORD DRIVEN TESTING4, Section How to do Keyword Driven Testing

Answer : C

State transition is a technique that analyzes the behavior of an application for different input conditions and how it changes from one state to another in response to events.It is useful for testing scenarios where the date of reservation is a critical factor that affects the system state and output1

Reference=

ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, Section 3.2.2.3, page 432

State Transition Testing -- Diagram & Technique (Example) - Guru993

State Transition Testing - GeeksforGeeks4

Answer : D

Test analysis is the process of analyzing the test basis and defining the test objectives to establish the test conditions. Test conditions are the inputs and outputs that are used to define the scope and goals of testing. Identifying test conditions is one of the main activities of test analysis, as it determines what to test in terms of measurable coverage criteri

a. The other options are activities that occur during other phases of the test process, such as test planning, test implementation, or test execution.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

Software Testing - Test Analysis - GeeksforGeeks2, section ''Test Analysis''

What is Test Analysis?- Software Testing Mentor3, section ''What is Test Analysis?''

Answer : C

Classification trees are a visual way of identifying test objects and data, and pairwise testing is a technique of generating test cases that cover all possible pairs of values from different classifications. Classification trees support pairwise testing by:

Helping to identify inputs to be used by the pairwise test technique, as each class represents a possible value for a test parameter.

Showing the combinations needed to cover all-pairs, as each test case is a selection of one class from each classification.

Helping to identify particular combinations of interest, as the test engineer can use the tree structure to group or prioritize classes based on their relevance or risk.Reference=ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, section 3.2.3;Smarter Test Design with Classification Trees and Pairwise Techniques, slides 6-12.

Answer : A

The correct answer is A. Create test data for the keywords that includes error data and verifies the proper error is returned.

Create test data for the keywords that includes error data and verifies the proper error is returned

This is the best way to test the error conditions and still use the keyword-driven tests because it allows the reuse of the existing keywords and functions, while providing different inputs and expected outputs for the test cases. It also ensures that the error checking is automated and consistent, and that the test coverage is adequate1.

Reference =

Keyword Driven Testing Framework with Example2, Section How to create Keyword Driven Framework

What is Keyword Driven Testing: A Detailed Tutorial With Examples3, Section How to perform Keyword Driven Testing

KEYWORD DRIVEN TESTING4, Section How to do Keyword Driven Testing

Answer : B

The level of detail and documentation required for test cases in the project depends on the type of application under test, the standards followed by the organization, and the maturity of the development process. For a web application that is undergoing frequent changes, it is advisable to use high-level test cases that describe the main features and functionalities from a user's perspective, and low-level test cases that provide more details and specifications for each feature. High-level test cases can be supported by low-level test cases to ensure traceability between the requirements and the test scenarios, as well as to facilitate future changes or enhancements. Low-level test cases can also be reviewed and updated by the end-users who have extensive domain knowledge and are involved in the project.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Overview of Syllabi1, page 10

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst2, page 2

Test Documentation in Software Testing (Example)3, section ''Best practice to Achieve Test Documentation''

Answer : A

The smallest set of test conditions to provide minimum coverage of the boundary values is the one that tests the minimum and maximum values for each category of carpet installation prices, as well as the values that are just above or below the boundaries. Option A covers these values, as it tests the boundary values of 0, 20, and 40 square yards, as well as the values that are one square yard more or less than these boundaries. It also tests the maximum possible value for the carpet area and the value that exceeds it. The other options do not test all the boundary values or have redundant values.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

Boundary Value Analysis and Equivalence Partitioning Testing2, section ''Boundary Value Analysis''

Equivalence Partitioning Method3, section ''Example 1: Equivalence and Boundary Value''

Answer : D

Experience-based test techniques rely on the tester's knowledge, intuition, and creativity to design and execute tests. They are useful when there are no or poor specifications, limited time, or high-risk areas. Examples of experience-based test techniques are error guessing, exploratory testing, and checklist-based testing.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst, page 67, section 4.5.2.2.

Answer : B

Pairwise testing is a technique that tests all possible discrete combinations of each pair of input parameters. In this case, there are two main categories: Colour and Shape. Under Colour, there are three subcategories: Red, Blue, and Green. Under Shape, there are two subcategories: Triangle and Circle. There is an additional category under Triangle labeled Size of triangle, with two subcategories: Small and Large. To test all pairs of these parameters, we need to use a tool or an algorithm that can generate the optimal test cases. One such tool isPairwise.org, which can produce the following test cases:

Table

Colour

Shape

Size of triangle

Red

Triangle

Small

Blue

Circle

-

Green

Triangle

Large

Red

Circle

-

Blue

Triangle

Small

Green

Circle

-

Red

Triangle

Large

Blue

Triangle

Large

These eight test cases cover all pairs of parameters, such as Red-Triangle, Red-Small, Blue-Circle, etc. Therefore, the answer is B. 8.Reference=Pairwise Testing or All-Pairs Testing Tutorial with Tools and Examples,Pairwise Testing - What It Is, When & How to Perform?,All-pairs testing - Wikiwand,ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst(Section 3.2.3)

Answer : C

1-switch coverage means that every possible transition from one state to another is tested at least once. Option C is the only test case that covers the transition from 2nd try to eat card, which is not covered by any other option.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst, page 58, section 4.3.2.2.

Answer : D

The correct answer is D. User acceptance testing.

User acceptance testing

User acceptance testing (UAT) is the type of testing that focuses on high-level business cases and ensures that the system meets the user's needs and expectations. It is usually conducted in the software development lifecycle after the system integration testing and before the deployment. UAT involves real users or stakeholders who validate the functionality, usability, and reliability of the system in a realistic environment1.

Reference =

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst2, Section 3.2.2 Functionality

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide3, Section 3.2.2 Functionality

User Acceptance Testing: A Complete Guide4, Section 1. What is User Acceptance Testing?

Answer : A

A usability review is a technique that evaluates the usability of a system or product based on a set of criteria or heuristics, without involving the actual users. It can be performed by experts or peers, and it can identify potential usability problems and suggest improvements. A usability review is suitable for situations where the availability of users is limited or impractical, and it can provide quick and low-cost feedback.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst, page 81, section 5.3.2.2.

Answer : B

Use cases can be used for performance testing to measure the response time and throughput of the system under different workloads and scenarios. Use cases describe the process flows through the system based on its most likely use, which can help to simulate realistic user behavior and identify potential bottlenecks and performance issues.

Reference=

ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, Section 3.2.2.2, page 411

How to write a performance test case | MyLoadTest2

Performance Testing Types, Steps, Best Practices, and Metrics - Stackify3

Answer : B

Testing pairs of combinations is a technique that reduces the number of test cases by testing only two factors at a time, instead of testing all possible combinations. Testing pairs of combinations is based on the assumption that most defects are caused by interactions of at most two factors. Testing pairs of combinations can be applied to this problem using the installation environments, which are the browsers, the operating systems, and the languages. By using testing pairs of combinations, the number of test cases will be lower than exhaustive testing, which would require testing every combination of factors. The formula for calculating the number of test cases for testing pairs of combinations is:

N = P * (P - 1) / 2

where N is the number of test cases, and P is the number of values for each factor. In this problem, P is 4, as there are four browsers, four operating systems, and four languages. Therefore, the number of test cases for testing pairs of combinations is:

N = 4 * (4 - 1) / 2 N = 4 * 3 / 2 N = 12Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

Pairwise Software Testing - GeeksforGeeks2, section ''Introduction''

Pairwise Testing: A Best Practice That Isn't3, section ''Pairwise Testing''

Answer : B

Boundary value analysis is a technique that focuses on testing the values at the boundaries of valid and invalid partitions. It is suitable for testing the errors caused by incorrect use of relational operators in the code, such as ''>'' and ''<'' instead of ''>='' and ''<=''. By creating test cases using boundary value analysis, the tester can verify that the system handles the borderline cases correctly and does not miss any edge cases.

Reference=

ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, Section 3.2.2.2, page 411

Software Testing - Boundary Value Analysis - GeeksforGeeks2

State Transition Testing -- Diagram & Technique (Example) - Guru993

Answer : D

A system architecture document is a document that describes the structure and behavior of a system, including its components, interfaces, communication protocols, and dependencies. It is typically used by a Test Analyst as the test basis for interoperability testing, as it provides the necessary information to design test cases that cover the interactions between different systems or components. A system architecture document can also help to identify potential risks and challenges related to interoperability testing, such as compatibility issues, performance bottlenecks, security vulnerabilities, and data integrity problems.Reference=Interoperability Testing in Software Testing(Section 2.2),A Simple Guide to Interoperability Testing (with Examples)(Section 2.3),ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst(Section 3.3.1)

Answer : C

State transition is a technique that analyzes the behavior of an application for different input conditions and how it changes from one state to another in response to events.It is useful for testing scenarios where the date of reservation is a critical factor that affects the system state and output1

Reference=

ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, Section 3.2.2.3, page 432

State Transition Testing -- Diagram & Technique (Example) - Guru993

State Transition Testing - GeeksforGeeks4

Answer : B

Pairwise testing is a technique that tests all possible discrete combinations of each pair of input parameters. In this case, there are two main categories: Colour and Shape. Under Colour, there are three subcategories: Red, Blue, and Green. Under Shape, there are two subcategories: Triangle and Circle. There is an additional category under Triangle labeled Size of triangle, with two subcategories: Small and Large. To test all pairs of these parameters, we need to use a tool or an algorithm that can generate the optimal test cases. One such tool isPairwise.org, which can produce the following test cases:

Table

Colour

Shape

Size of triangle

Red

Triangle

Small

Blue

Circle

-

Green

Triangle

Large

Red

Circle

-

Blue

Triangle

Small

Green

Circle

-

Red

Triangle

Large

Blue

Triangle

Large

These eight test cases cover all pairs of parameters, such as Red-Triangle, Red-Small, Blue-Circle, etc. Therefore, the answer is B. 8.Reference=Pairwise Testing or All-Pairs Testing Tutorial with Tools and Examples,Pairwise Testing - What It Is, When & How to Perform?,All-pairs testing - Wikiwand,ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst(Section 3.2.3)

Answer : C

The correct answer is C. Conduct pre-test interviews to give instructions to the users, and post-test interviews to get their feedback.

Pre-test and post-test interviews

Pre-test and post-test interviews are methods of usability testing that involve communicating with the business users before and after they test the application. Pre-test interviews can help to explain the purpose and scope of the test, provide instructions and guidance, and establish rapport with the users. Post-test interviews can help to collect feedback, opinions, and suggestions from the users, as well as identify any issues or problems they encountered during the test1.

Reference =

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst2, Section 3.2.2 Usability

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide3, Section 3.2.2 Usability

Usability Testing 101: A Guide for Businesses4, Section 5. How to Conduct a Usability Test

Answer : C

A 0-switch test case is a test case that covers one transition from one state to another. To achieve 100% 0-switch coverage, all the transitions in the state table must be tested. There are eight transitions in the state table, as shown by the arrows. Therefore, eight 0-switch test cases are needed.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

How to Design Test Cases Using State Transition Testing Technique?2, section ''0-switch coverage''

0 and 1 - Switch Coverage in State Transition Testing?3, answer by Marco Filippone

Answer : D

I have searched the web for the ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst EXT 2019 documents and study resources, and based on the information I found, I have verified the answer to your question as follows:

Option D

Option D accurately represents the tuition payment rules for both undergraduate and graduate students at Acme University, taking into account the different tuition fees for part-time and full-time students as well as the additional fee for undergraduate students taking more than 18 credit hours. Option D also uses the correct notation for decision tables, such as Y for yes, N for no, and - for don't care.

Reference =

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, Section 3.2.2 Decision Tables

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst2, Section 3.2.2 Decision Tables

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide3, Section 3.2.2 Decision Tables

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Overview of Syllabi4, Section 1.3 Content

Answer : A

Low-level test cases are more suitable for testing software that controls the braking mechanism for commuter trains, as they provide more detail and specificity for verifying the functionality and safety of the system1.Low-level test cases also use predefined data, which is more reliable and consistent than tester-created data, and can be easily traced to the test conditions and requirements2.High-level test cases are more abstract and vague, and may not cover all the possible scenarios and risks involved in testing such a critical system3.

Reference=1:Test Case Design: a Guide for QA Engineers With Examples2:How to Write Test Cases in Software Testing with Examples3:Test Case vs Test Scenario -- Difference Between Them

Answer : A

Pairwise testing is a technique that reduces the number of test cases by testing only pairs of values for each data item, instead of testing all possible combinations. Pairwise testing is based on the assumption that most defects are caused by interactions of at most two factors. Pairwise testing can be applied to this problem using the classification tree, which shows the data items and their values. By using pairwise testing, the number of test cases will be lower than exhaustive testing, which would require testing every combination of values for each data item.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

Data Combination Test (DCoT) | TMap2, section ''Coverage level''

Pairwise Software Testing - GeeksforGeeks3, section ''Introduction''

Answer : C

The correct answer is C. Conduct pre-test interviews to give instructions to the users, and post-test interviews to get their feedback.

Pre-test and post-test interviews

Pre-test and post-test interviews are methods of usability testing that involve communicating with the business users before and after they test the application. Pre-test interviews can help to explain the purpose and scope of the test, provide instructions and guidance, and establish rapport with the users. Post-test interviews can help to collect feedback, opinions, and suggestions from the users, as well as identify any issues or problems they encountered during the test1.

Reference =

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst2, Section 3.2.2 Usability

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide3, Section 3.2.2 Usability

Usability Testing 101: A Guide for Businesses4, Section 5. How to Conduct a Usability Test

Answer : D

Experience-based test techniques rely on the tester's knowledge, intuition, and creativity to design and execute tests. They are useful when there are no or poor specifications, limited time, or high-risk areas. Examples of experience-based test techniques are error guessing, exploratory testing, and checklist-based testing.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst, page 67, section 4.5.2.2.

Answer : C

Exploratory testing is an approach that involves simultaneous learning, test design, and test execution. It is suitable for testing a web application with minimal documentation and tight deadlines. Test chatters are brief notes that describe the test objectives, test ideas, test data, test steps, and test results. They are used to guide the testing and document the test sessions. Test chatters are flexible and adaptable to the changing requirements and feedback from the stakeholders.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst, Section 2.3.2, Exploratory Testing1;What is Exploratory Testing? - Guru99, Section How to execute Exploratory Tests2

Answer : A

The test conditions are the inputs and outputs that are used to define the scope and objectives of testing. They should be understandable by business stakeholders because they affect their expectations and satisfaction with the software product. Business stakeholders can provide valuable feedback to the test analyst on the test conditions, such as clarifying any ambiguities, suggesting any changes, or identifying any gaps or risks.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Overview of Syllabi1, page 10

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst2, page 2

Who are the stakeholders in software testing?How to identify them?3, section ''Stakeholders in testing will require attention''

Answer : A

The correct answer is A. Create test data for the keywords that includes error data and verifies the proper error is returned.

Create test data for the keywords that includes error data and verifies the proper error is returned

This is the best way to test the error conditions and still use the keyword-driven tests because it allows the reuse of the existing keywords and functions, while providing different inputs and expected outputs for the test cases. It also ensures that the error checking is automated and consistent, and that the test coverage is adequate1.

Reference =

Keyword Driven Testing Framework with Example2, Section How to create Keyword Driven Framework

What is Keyword Driven Testing: A Detailed Tutorial With Examples3, Section How to perform Keyword Driven Testing

KEYWORD DRIVEN TESTING4, Section How to do Keyword Driven Testing

Answer : C

The agile development model requires the earliest involvement from the test analyst because it is a flexible and iterative approach that delivers software in short cycles called sprints. The test analyst plays a key role in planning, designing, executing, and reporting on the testing activities for each sprint.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Overview of Syllabi1, page 10

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst2, page 2

Understanding the SDLC: Software Development Lifecycle Explained3, section ''Agile model''

Answer : C

A 0-switch test case is a test case that covers one transition from one state to another. To achieve 100% 0-switch coverage, all the transitions in the state diagram must be tested. The state diagram has seven states: Login, Menu, Logout, Withdraw, Deposit, Get Balance, and Access Account. There are 13 transitions in the state diagram, as shown by the arrows. Therefore, 13 0-switch test cases are needed.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

How to Design Test Cases Using State Transition Testing Technique?2, section ''0-switch coverage''

State Transition Testing - Tutorialspoint3, section ''State Transition Diagram''

Answer : B

System integration testing (SIT) is a type of testing that verifies the interactions and functionality of different components or systems within a larger system. The developers, who are responsible for developing and integrating the components or systems, need to understand the tests to review them for accuracy, completeness, and feasibility. The auditors, who are responsible for ensuring the compliance and quality of the system, need to understand the tests to approve them for execution and reporting.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

System Integration Testing: A Complete Guide2, section ''Who Performs System Integration Testing?''

System Testing vs Integration Testing: Key Differences3, section ''What is System Integration Testing?''

Answer : A

Test set (i) is the best option as it tests the boundary condition of a salary of less than 20,000 and being married, with a varying number of children including the boundary value of three children. This test set covers the minimum and maximum values for the salary and the number of children, as well as the nominal values. The other test sets do not test the boundary value of the salary or the number of children fully, as they either omit or repeat some values.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

Boundary Value Analysis and Equivalence Partitioning Testing2, section ''Boundary Value Analysis''

Equivalence Partitioning Method3, section ''Example 1: Equivalence and Boundary Value''

Answer : B

The correct answer is B. The information exchange between each system and its environment.

The information exchange between each system and its environment

The information exchange between each system and its environment refers to the compatibility and functionality of the systems with respect to the hardware, software, network, and other external factors that may affect their interaction. This type of testing is important to ensure that the systems can operate smoothly and reliably in different scenarios and conditions1.

Reference =

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst2, Section 3.2.2 Interoperability

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide3, Section 3.2.2 Interoperability

A Simple Guide to Interoperability Testing (with Examples)4, Section 2. How to do Interoperability testing

Answer : A

Low-level test cases are more suitable for testing software that controls the braking mechanism for commuter trains, as they provide more detail and specificity for verifying the functionality and safety of the system1.Low-level test cases also use predefined data, which is more reliable and consistent than tester-created data, and can be easily traced to the test conditions and requirements2.High-level test cases are more abstract and vague, and may not cover all the possible scenarios and risks involved in testing such a critical system3.

Reference=1:Test Case Design: a Guide for QA Engineers With Examples2:How to Write Test Cases in Software Testing with Examples3:Test Case vs Test Scenario -- Difference Between Them

Answer : C

Equivalence partitioning is a black-box test technique that divides the input domain of a system into partitions of equivalent data. Boundary value analysis is a technique that tests the boundaries of these partitions, where errors are more likely to occur. These techniques are suitable for testing the processing functionality of a critical traffic control system, as they can ensure that the system handles the input variables within the defined ranges and detects any invalid or out-of-range values.Reference=Black Box Testing Techniques: A Comprehensive Guide(Section 5.1 and 5.2),ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst(Section 3.2.1 and 3.2.2)

Answer : A

The correct answer is A. Create test data for the keywords that includes error data and verifies the proper error is returned.

Create test data for the keywords that includes error data and verifies the proper error is returned

This is the best way to test the error conditions and still use the keyword-driven tests because it allows the reuse of the existing keywords and functions, while providing different inputs and expected outputs for the test cases. It also ensures that the error checking is automated and consistent, and that the test coverage is adequate1.

Reference =

Keyword Driven Testing Framework with Example2, Section How to create Keyword Driven Framework

What is Keyword Driven Testing: A Detailed Tutorial With Examples3, Section How to perform Keyword Driven Testing

KEYWORD DRIVEN TESTING4, Section How to do Keyword Driven Testing

Answer : A

A Test Analyst is responsible for testing the functional and non-functional aspects of the system that are related to the business domain, user needs, and quality characteristics. A Test Analyst will typically test the requirements that specify the expected behavior and functionality of the system, such as P101, P102, and P103. P104 is a performance requirement that specifies a measurable criterion for the system's efficiency and responsiveness. This type of requirement is usually tested by a Technical Test Analyst, who has the skills and tools to design and execute performance tests.Reference= ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst 2019, Chapter 1.1.2, Roles and Responsibilities of the Technical Test Analyst; ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst 2019, Chapter 1.1.2, Roles and Responsibilities of the Test Analyst; ISTQB Glossary, Version 4.0.2, Performance Testing, Functional Testing, Non-functional Testing.

Answer : A

Test set (i) is the best option as it tests the boundary condition of a salary of less than 20,000 and being married, with a varying number of children including the boundary value of three children. This test set covers the minimum and maximum values for the salary and the number of children, as well as the nominal values. The other test sets do not test the boundary value of the salary or the number of children fully, as they either omit or repeat some values.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

Boundary Value Analysis and Equivalence Partitioning Testing2, section ''Boundary Value Analysis''

Equivalence Partitioning Method3, section ''Example 1: Equivalence and Boundary Value''

Answer : D

The classification tree shows the combinations of power units and body styles for the Supercar online vehicle sales website. Since SUVs are not available in hybrid, and the existing test cases already cover petrol SUV, electric saloon, and petrol hatchback, the missing test case is hybrid hatchback to achieve minimum class coverage.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst, Section 3.2.3, Classification Trees1;ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst (CTAL) Exam Study Guide, Section 3.2.3, Classification Trees2

Answer : B

The test basis is the collection of documents that provide the basis for testing, such as requirements, design documents, user manuals, etc. The test analyst examines the test basis to understand the scope and objectives of testing, as well as the risks and assumptions involved. This task is performed during the test analysis phase, which is the first phase of the test process.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Overview of Syllabi1, page 10

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst2, page 2

Test Analysis and Test Design are key for software testing3, section ''Test Analysis''

Answer : C

The agile development model requires the earliest involvement from the test analyst because it is a flexible and iterative approach that delivers software in short cycles called sprints. The test analyst plays a key role in planning, designing, executing, and reporting on the testing activities for each sprint.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Overview of Syllabi1, page 10

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst2, page 2

Understanding the SDLC: Software Development Lifecycle Explained3, section ''Agile model''

Answer : D

Answer : C

Functional correctness testing is a type of testing that verifies whether the system or software performs its intended functions correctly and accurately, according to the specified requirements. It can detect defects such as non-compliance to requirements, calculations that produce incorrect results, and improper handling of data or situations.Reference=Functional Testing: What Is It, Types, Best Practices, Tools(Section 1.1),ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst(Section 3.1.1)

Answer : C

Installability testing is a type of non-functional testing that focuses on verifying that the software can be installed, upgraded, and uninstalled without errors or interruptions1.It is usually performed by a technical test analyst who has knowledge of the installation requirements, dependencies, and configurations2.The main objectives of installability testing are to ensure that the software is compatible with different platforms, environments, and hardware specifications, and that the installation and de-installation processes are functional, reliable, and secure3.Usability issues, such as the clarity, simplicity, and efficiency of the installation and de-installation user interfaces, are not the primary concern of installability testing, and may be better addressed by other types of testing, such as usability testing or user acceptance testing4.Reference=Installation testing - Wikipedia;ISTQB Advanced Level Technical Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, section 4.3.2;Mastering Installability Testing: A Key Software Quality Assurance Process;Installation Testing | Complete Overview Of Installation Testing

Answer : B

The correct answer is B. The acceptance criteria are not testable.

The acceptance criteria are not testable

The acceptance criteria are not testable because they are vague and subjective. They do not specify any measurable or observable outcomes or conditions that can be verified by the test analyst. For example, what does ''as fast as possible'' or ''easily'' mean in terms of performance and usability? How can the test analyst determine if the user does not leave during the transaction or if they log in easily? The acceptance criteria should be rewritten to include clear and quantifiable criteria, such as response time, error rate, user satisfaction, etc1.

Reference =

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst2, Section 2.1.1 Test Analyst Tasks in the Test Process

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide3, Section 2.1.1 Test Analyst Tasks in the Test Process

What is User Story and Acceptance Criteria (Examples)4, Section 2. What is Acceptance Criteria?

Answer : D

The correct answer is D. The story contains more than one item of functionality.

The story contains more than one item of functionality

A user story should be small, simple, and focused on one item of functionality that delivers value to the user. This story combines two items of functionality: querying the balance and withdrawing money. These items could be separated into two different stories, each with its own acceptance criteria and priority. This would make the stories easier to understand, estimate, test, and deliver1.

Reference =

User Stories | Examples and Template | Atlassian2, Section User story best practices

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst3, Section 2.1.1 Test Analyst Tasks in the Test Process

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide4, Section 2.1.1 Test Analyst Tasks in the Test Process

Answer : A

In a keyword-driven test automation approach, the Test Analyst is responsible for defining the keywords that represent the actions and expected outcomes of the test cases. The keywords are then implemented by a developer or a tool as reusable functions or scripts that can be executed by the test automation framework. For example, the Test Analyst can define keywords such as ''transfer'', ''check balance'', ''verify balance'', etc. for the account transfer user story. These keywords can then be used to design test cases in a data-driven or table-driven format, such as:

Table

Keyword

Parameter 1

Parameter 2

Parameter 3

transfer

Lars

Ann

150

check balance

Ann

-

150

verify balance

Ann

-

150

transfer

Tim

Ann

300

check balance

Ann

-

450

verify balance

Ann

-

450

Reference=Keyword Driven Testing Framework with Example(Section 1 and 2),What is Keyword Driven Testing: A Detailed Tutorial With Examples(Section 1 and 2),ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst(Section 4.2.1 and 4.2.2)

Answer : D

The minimum acceptable level of coverage for this use case is to cover all the scenarios and their combinations. Therefore, we need at least one test case for each of the following:

Basic scenario single-sided to single-sided

Alternative single-sided to double-sided

Alternative copy of a set

Alternative copy using the automatic document feeder

Error no paper in paper tray

Error paper jam

Error out of staplesReference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst, page 63, section 4.4.2.2.

Answer : C

The equivalence partitions are based on the size of the carpet purchase and the installation price. There are four possible sizes: small, medium, large, and extra large. There are three possible prices: $5, $4, and $2 per square yard. The smallest set of test conditions that covers all the equivalence partitions is to test each size with its corresponding price, plus a no purchase scenario. Option C is the only one that does that. Option A does not test the large and extra large sizes. Option B does not test the extra large size. Option D tests more than the minimum required.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst, page 50, section 4.1.2.2.

Answer : C

Equivalence partitioning is a black-box test technique that divides the input domain of a system into partitions of equivalent data. Boundary value analysis is a technique that tests the boundaries of these partitions, where errors are more likely to occur. These techniques are suitable for testing the processing functionality of a critical traffic control system, as they can ensure that the system handles the input variables within the defined ranges and detects any invalid or out-of-range values.Reference=Black Box Testing Techniques: A Comprehensive Guide(Section 5.1 and 5.2),ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst(Section 3.2.1 and 3.2.2)

Answer : A

The correct answer is A. The user should not experience an error that does not have a clear explanation and instructions for correction.

The user should not experience an error that does not have a clear explanation and instructions for correction

User error protection is the degree to which a system protects users against making errors. It includes providing clear and helpful error messages, preventing or minimizing the consequences of errors, and allowing users to recover from errors. In this case, the test condition verifies that the application provides adequate feedback and guidance to the user when an error occurs, such as entering an invalid word, losing network connection, or encountering a system failure1.

Reference =

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst2, Section 3.2.2 Usability

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide3, Section 3.2.2 Usability

Usability - ISO 250004, Section User error protection

Answer : C

A 0-switch test case is a test case that covers one transition from one state to another. To achieve 100% 0-switch coverage, all the transitions in the state diagram must be tested. The state diagram has seven states: Login, Menu, Logout, Withdraw, Deposit, Get Balance, and Access Account. There are 13 transitions in the state diagram, as shown by the arrows. Therefore, 13 0-switch test cases are needed.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

How to Design Test Cases Using State Transition Testing Technique?2, section ''0-switch coverage''

State Transition Testing - Tutorialspoint3, section ''State Transition Diagram''

Answer : C

The requirement states that the system shall allow cash advances ofat least200 Euros, but it does not specify the maximum amount or the conditions for different cards. This could lead to confusion, inconsistency, and errors in the system's functionality and testing. The requirement should be more precise and define the exact limits and rules for each card type and scenario.Reference=ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, section 2.1.1;Requirement Analysis Templates & Techniques, section ''Requirement Analysis Best Practices''.

Answer : D

The correct answer is D) Automate the testing for the credit card exploratory tests so they can be used for confirmation testing after the defect is fixed.

A) Enter your exploratory test cases with detailed test steps into the Test Management System

This is incorrect because entering the test cases into the Test Management System is not enough to document and track the exploratory testing process. The test cases should also include the expected results, actual results, and defects found during the testing. Moreover, the test cases should be organized into a clear and logical structure that reflects the test charter and scope.

B) Close the session and start a new session with a new charter

This is incorrect because closing and starting a new session with a new charter would mean losing all the information and data collected during the previous session. This would make it difficult to resume and continue the testing process from where it left off. Instead, it would be better to use a consistent and stable session with a single charter that covers all the requirements and features of the system.

C) Continue the session and conduct the testing for debit cards

This is incorrect because continuing the session and conducting only one type of card (debit) would not provide a comprehensive coverage of all possible scenarios and outcomes of accepting credit cards. It would also limit the scope of testing to only one aspect of payment processing, which may not reflect all the business rules, validations, exceptions, or integrations involved in this domain.

D) Automate the testing for the credit card exploratory tests so they can be used for confirmation testing after the defect is fixed

This is correct because automating some or all of the exploratory tests can help to save time, effort, and resources by reducing manual effort and increasing efficiency. It can also help to improve accuracy, consistency, and reliability by eliminating human errors and biases. Moreover, automating some or all of the exploratory tests can enable them to be reused for confirmation testing after fixing any defects found during exploratory testing. Confirmation testing is a type of functional testing that verifies that all requirements are met by performing regression tests on previously tested functionality1.

Answer : D

The test execution phase involves running the test cases and comparing the actual results with the expected results. The test analyst is responsible for analysing any anomalies or deviations from the expected results and determining their root causes. This task helps to identify defects, report them, and track their resolution.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

STLC (Software Testing Life Cycle) Phases, Entry, Exit Criteria2, section ''Test Execution Phase''

Test Execution Tutorial: Detailed Guide With Best Practices3, section ''Activities of Test Execution''

Answer : D

Answer : B

The use case only describes the normal or happy path scenario, where the user performs a successful cash withdrawal. However, it does not consider any alternative or exceptional scenarios, such as invalid card, incorrect PIN, insufficient balance, network failure, etc. These scenarios are important to test the robustness and reliability of the ATM system, and should be included in the use case specification.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst, Section 2.2.1, Use Case Testing1;ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst (CTAL) Exam Study Guide, Section 2.2.1, Use Case Testing2

Answer : C

A 0-switch test case is a test case that covers one transition from one state to another. To achieve 100% 0-switch coverage, all the transitions in the state table must be tested. There are eight transitions in the state table, as shown by the arrows. Therefore, eight 0-switch test cases are needed.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

How to Design Test Cases Using State Transition Testing Technique?2, section ''0-switch coverage''

0 and 1 - Switch Coverage in State Transition Testing?3, answer by Marco Filippone

Answer : B

Boundary value analysis is a technique that focuses on testing the values at the boundaries of valid and invalid partitions. It is suitable for testing the errors caused by incorrect use of relational operators in the code, such as ''>'' and ''<'' instead of ''>='' and ''<=''. By creating test cases using boundary value analysis, the tester can verify that the system handles the borderline cases correctly and does not miss any edge cases.

Reference=

ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, Section 3.2.2.2, page 411

Software Testing - Boundary Value Analysis - GeeksforGeeks2

State Transition Testing -- Diagram & Technique (Example) - Guru993

Answer : D

Defect taxonomies are categorized lists of defects that can be used to identify and prevent common types of errors in software development and testing. They can also be used to design test cases that target specific defect types, such as security vulnerabilities. Therefore, using a list of known defect types to penetrate the security of computer systems is an example of the use of defect taxonomies.Reference=Defect Taxonomies - The Practical Guide to Defect Prevention(Chapter 10),Using Defect Taxonomies for Testing Requirements,Defect Based Approach using Defect Taxonomy,Requirements-based testing with defect taxonomies

Answer : C

The requirement states that the system shall allow cash advances ofat least200 Euros, but it does not specify the maximum amount or the conditions for different cards. This could lead to confusion, inconsistency, and errors in the system's functionality and testing. The requirement should be more precise and define the exact limits and rules for each card type and scenario.Reference=ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, section 2.1.1;Requirement Analysis Templates & Techniques, section ''Requirement Analysis Best Practices''.

Answer : A

This is an effective method to employ business users in your testing effort because it allows them to leverage their domain knowledge and experience without requiring them to have technical skills or testing tools. Test charters are high-level descriptions of the test objectives, scope, and approach that guide the testers to explore the system and report any issues they find. Test charters are flexible and can be adapted to different test levels and types.They are also suitable for the V-model development lifecycle, which emphasizes verification and validation at each stage of the development process1

Reference=

ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, Section 3.2.3.2, page 482

Exploratory Testing: An Agile Approach | Software Testing Help3

Exploratory Testing: What are Test Charters?| TestLodge Blog4

Answer : B

Pairwise testing is a technique that tests all possible discrete combinations of each pair of input parameters. In this case, there are two main categories: Colour and Shape. Under Colour, there are three subcategories: Red, Blue, and Green. Under Shape, there are two subcategories: Triangle and Circle. There is an additional category under Triangle labeled Size of triangle, with two subcategories: Small and Large. To test all pairs of these parameters, we need to use a tool or an algorithm that can generate the optimal test cases. One such tool isPairwise.org, which can produce the following test cases:

Table

Colour

Shape

Size of triangle

Red

Triangle

Small

Blue

Circle

-

Green

Triangle

Large

Red

Circle

-

Blue

Triangle

Small

Green

Circle

-

Red

Triangle

Large

Blue

Triangle

Large

These eight test cases cover all pairs of parameters, such as Red-Triangle, Red-Small, Blue-Circle, etc. Therefore, the answer is B. 8.Reference=Pairwise Testing or All-Pairs Testing Tutorial with Tools and Examples,Pairwise Testing - What It Is, When & How to Perform?,All-pairs testing - Wikiwand,ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst(Section 3.2.3)

Answer : C

Test conditions are the inputs and expected outputs of a test case, based on the requirements. To identify the test conditions from REQ2 and REQ3, we need to consider all the possible combinations of the categories of hours exposed to the sun (A, B, C) and the labels of sun intensity (low, medium, high, extreme). There are 12 such combinations in total. However, the three test cases given only cover 3 of them: A-low, C-medium, and A-low. Therefore, there are 9 test conditions that are not covered by the test cases. However, some of these test conditions are invalid or impossible, such as A-extreme or C-low, because the sun intensity is correlated with the hours exposed to the sun. Therefore, we need to exclude these invalid test conditions from the count. According to theSkin Cancer Foundation, the sun intensity is usually low before 10 a.m. and after 4 p.m., medium between 10 a.m. and 1 p.m., high between 1 p.m. and 4 p.m., and extreme between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. in the summer or at high altitudes. Based on this information, we can assume that the valid test conditions are:

A-low

A-medium

B-medium

B-high

C-high

C-extreme

These six test conditions are not covered by the three test cases, so the answer is C. 6.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst(Section 3.2.1),Be Safe in the Sun(Section 2.1)

Answer : C

The correct answer is C. All the expected environments and combinations.

All the expected environments and combinations

Interoperability testing should target all the expected environments and combinations that the system will interact with in the real world. This will ensure that the system can function correctly and reliably with different hardware, software, network, and external factors that may affect its communication and compatibility with other systems1.

Reference =

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst2, Section 3.2.2 Interoperability

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide3, Section 3.2.2 Interoperability

A Simple Guide to Interoperability Testing (with Examples)4, Section 2. How to do Interoperability testing

Answer : B

Use cases can be used for performance testing to measure the response time and throughput of the system under different workloads and scenarios. Use cases describe the process flows through the system based on its most likely use, which can help to simulate realistic user behavior and identify potential bottlenecks and performance issues.

Reference=

ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, Section 3.2.2.2, page 411

How to write a performance test case | MyLoadTest2

Performance Testing Types, Steps, Best Practices, and Metrics - Stackify3

Answer : C

The requirement states that the system shall allow cash advances ofat least200 Euros, but it does not specify the maximum amount or the conditions for different cards. This could lead to confusion, inconsistency, and errors in the system's functionality and testing. The requirement should be more precise and define the exact limits and rules for each card type and scenario.Reference=ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, section 2.1.1;Requirement Analysis Templates & Techniques, section ''Requirement Analysis Best Practices''.

Answer : D

The risk impact is the measure of the potential negative consequences of a risk item on the project objectives. It depends on the severity of the defect, the frequency of occurrence, and the visibility to the stakeholders. Since requirement R1 is business critical, any failure in meeting this requirement would have a significant impact on the customer satisfaction, the reputation of the organization, and the legal compliance. Therefore, the risk impact for requirement R1 should be categorized as high or very high, regardless of the likelihood of occurrence.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

Risk Based Testing: Approach, Matrix, Process & Examples2, section ''Risk Impact Assessment''

What is Risk Based Testing: With Best Practices3, section ''Risk Impact Analysis''

Answer : B

Pairwise testing is a technique that tests all possible discrete combinations of each pair of input parameters. In this case, there are two main categories: Colour and Shape. Under Colour, there are three subcategories: Red, Blue, and Green. Under Shape, there are two subcategories: Triangle and Circle. There is an additional category under Triangle labeled Size of triangle, with two subcategories: Small and Large. To test all pairs of these parameters, we need to use a tool or an algorithm that can generate the optimal test cases. One such tool isPairwise.org, which can produce the following test cases:

Table

Colour

Shape

Size of triangle

Red

Triangle

Small

Blue

Circle

-

Green

Triangle

Large

Red

Circle

-

Blue

Triangle

Small

Green

Circle

-

Red

Triangle

Large

Blue

Triangle

Large

These eight test cases cover all pairs of parameters, such as Red-Triangle, Red-Small, Blue-Circle, etc. Therefore, the answer is B. 8.Reference=Pairwise Testing or All-Pairs Testing Tutorial with Tools and Examples,Pairwise Testing - What It Is, When & How to Perform?,All-pairs testing - Wikiwand,ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst(Section 3.2.3)

Answer : C

Functional correctness testing is a type of testing that verifies whether the system or software performs its intended functions correctly and accurately, according to the specified requirements. It can detect defects such as non-compliance to requirements, calculations that produce incorrect results, and improper handling of data or situations.Reference=Functional Testing: What Is It, Types, Best Practices, Tools(Section 1.1),ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst(Section 3.1.1)

Answer : B

The correct answer is B. The information exchange between each system and its environment.

The information exchange between each system and its environment

The information exchange between each system and its environment refers to the compatibility and functionality of the systems with respect to the hardware, software, network, and other external factors that may affect their interaction. This type of testing is important to ensure that the systems can operate smoothly and reliably in different scenarios and conditions1.

Reference =

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst2, Section 3.2.2 Interoperability

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide3, Section 3.2.2 Interoperability

A Simple Guide to Interoperability Testing (with Examples)4, Section 2. How to do Interoperability testing

Answer : A

The correct answer is A. Functional correctness testing.

Functional correctness testing

Functional correctness testing is the type of testing that measures the degree of accuracy in a mortgage rate calculation module of the software you are testing. It verifies that the module produces the correct results for different inputs and scenarios, such as different interest rates, loan terms, payment frequencies, etc. It also checks that the module complies with the specifications and requirements of the mortgage rate calculation1.

Reference =

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst2, Section 3.2.2 Functionality

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst3, Section 3.2.2 Functionality

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide4, Section 3.2.2 Functionality

Answer : B

Testing pairs of combinations is a technique that reduces the number of test cases by testing only two factors at a time, instead of testing all possible combinations. Testing pairs of combinations is based on the assumption that most defects are caused by interactions of at most two factors. Testing pairs of combinations can be applied to this problem using the installation environments, which are the browsers, the operating systems, and the languages. By using testing pairs of combinations, the number of test cases will be lower than exhaustive testing, which would require testing every combination of factors. The formula for calculating the number of test cases for testing pairs of combinations is:

N = P * (P - 1) / 2

where N is the number of test cases, and P is the number of values for each factor. In this problem, P is 4, as there are four browsers, four operating systems, and four languages. Therefore, the number of test cases for testing pairs of combinations is:

N = 4 * (4 - 1) / 2 N = 4 * 3 / 2 N = 12Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

Pairwise Software Testing - GeeksforGeeks2, section ''Introduction''

Pairwise Testing: A Best Practice That Isn't3, section ''Pairwise Testing''

Answer : B

The iterative model is a cyclical process in which the software product is developed and tested incrementally in short cycles called iterations. Each iteration delivers a working version of the product that can be evaluated and improved. Compared to the V-model, which is a linear and sequential process that follows a fixed set of phases and activities, the iterative model requires a reduced set of standard test processes for each iteration, as well as more flexibility and adaptability to changing requirements and feedback. The test analyst and the test team might expect to make this adjustment when working on an iterative model project.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

What is an iterative approach and what are its benefits?2, section ''What is agile, iterative development, or the PDCA cycle?''

Iterative Model (Software Engineering) - javatpoint3, section ''Iterative Model''

Answer : B

Functional appropriateness is the degree to which a product or system provides functions that meet stated and implied needs when used under specified conditions1.It is typically tested during system testing, which is the process of testing an integrated system to verify that it meets specified requirements2.System testing is conducted after component testing and before acceptance testing, and it covers both functional and non-functional aspects of the system3.Reference=ISO 25010, section A.1;ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, section 1.3.1;Test Automation Fundamentals, section A.1.

Answer : D

The risk impact is the measure of the potential negative consequences of a risk item on the project objectives. It depends on the severity of the defect, the frequency of occurrence, and the visibility to the stakeholders. Since requirement R1 is business critical, any failure in meeting this requirement would have a significant impact on the customer satisfaction, the reputation of the organization, and the legal compliance. Therefore, the risk impact for requirement R1 should be categorized as high or very high, regardless of the likelihood of occurrence.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

Risk Based Testing: Approach, Matrix, Process & Examples2, section ''Risk Impact Assessment''

What is Risk Based Testing: With Best Practices3, section ''Risk Impact Analysis''

Answer : A

The correct answer is A. The user should not experience an error that does not have a clear explanation and instructions for correction.

The user should not experience an error that does not have a clear explanation and instructions for correction

User error protection is the degree to which a system protects users against making errors. It includes providing clear and helpful error messages, preventing or minimizing the consequences of errors, and allowing users to recover from errors. In this case, the test condition verifies that the application provides adequate feedback and guidance to the user when an error occurs, such as entering an invalid word, losing network connection, or encountering a system failure1.

Reference =

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst2, Section 3.2.2 Usability

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide3, Section 3.2.2 Usability

Usability - ISO 250004, Section User error protection

Answer : D

The test execution phase involves running the test cases and comparing the actual results with the expected results. The test analyst is responsible for analysing any anomalies or deviations from the expected results and determining their root causes. This task helps to identify defects, report them, and track their resolution.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

STLC (Software Testing Life Cycle) Phases, Entry, Exit Criteria2, section ''Test Execution Phase''

Test Execution Tutorial: Detailed Guide With Best Practices3, section ''Activities of Test Execution''

Answer : A

In a keyword-driven test automation approach, the Test Analyst is responsible for defining the keywords that represent the actions and expected outcomes of the test cases. The keywords are then implemented by a developer or a tool as reusable functions or scripts that can be executed by the test automation framework. For example, the Test Analyst can define keywords such as ''transfer'', ''check balance'', ''verify balance'', etc. for the account transfer user story. These keywords can then be used to design test cases in a data-driven or table-driven format, such as:

Table

Keyword

Parameter 1

Parameter 2

Parameter 3

transfer

Lars

Ann

150

check balance

Ann

-

150

verify balance

Ann

-

150

transfer

Tim

Ann

300

check balance

Ann

-

450

verify balance

Ann

-

450

Reference=Keyword Driven Testing Framework with Example(Section 1 and 2),What is Keyword Driven Testing: A Detailed Tutorial With Examples(Section 1 and 2),ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst(Section 4.2.1 and 4.2.2)

Answer : D

Experience-based test techniques rely on the tester's knowledge, intuition, and creativity to design and execute tests. They are useful when there are no or poor specifications, limited time, or high-risk areas. Examples of experience-based test techniques are error guessing, exploratory testing, and checklist-based testing.Reference=ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst, page 67, section 4.5.2.2.

Answer : A

The correct answer is A. Functional correctness testing.

Functional correctness testing

Functional correctness testing is the type of testing that measures the degree of accuracy in a mortgage rate calculation module of the software you are testing. It verifies that the module produces the correct results for different inputs and scenarios, such as different interest rates, loan terms, payment frequencies, etc. It also checks that the module complies with the specifications and requirements of the mortgage rate calculation1.

Reference =

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst2, Section 3.2.2 Functionality

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Test Analyst3, Section 3.2.2 Functionality

ISTQB Test Analyst Syllabus and Study Guide4, Section 3.2.2 Functionality

Answer : D

Test analysis is the process of analyzing the test basis and defining the test objectives to establish the test conditions. Test conditions are the inputs and outputs that are used to define the scope and goals of testing. Identifying test conditions is one of the main activities of test analysis, as it determines what to test in terms of measurable coverage criteri

a. The other options are activities that occur during other phases of the test process, such as test planning, test implementation, or test execution.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

Software Testing - Test Analysis - GeeksforGeeks2, section ''Test Analysis''

What is Test Analysis?- Software Testing Mentor3, section ''What is Test Analysis?''

Answer : C

State transition testing is a technique that models the behavior of a system as a finite number of states and the transitions between them. It is suitable for testing systems that have different outcomes depending on the previous history of inputs and events. In this case, the ATM system has different states depending on whether the user has entered a valid or invalid PIN code, and how many times they have tried. 1-switch coverage is a criterion that requires testing all possible pairs of transitions from one state to another. This can help to find failures that occur when the system changes from one state to another, or when the system does not change state when it should. For example, 1-switch coverage would test the following scenarios:

User enters a valid PIN code on the first try and requests a cash advance (valid transition from unauthenticated to authenticated state)

User enters an invalid PIN code on the first try and then a valid PIN code on the second try and requests a cash advance (valid transition from unauthenticated to authenticated state after one invalid attempt)

User enters an invalid PIN code on the first and second try and then a valid PIN code on the third try and requests a cash advance (valid transition from unauthenticated to authenticated state after two invalid attempts)

User enters an invalid PIN code on the first, second, and third try and the system rejects the card (valid transition from unauthenticated to rejected state after three invalid attempts)

User enters a valid PIN code on the first try and then requests a cash advance twice (invalid transition from authenticated to authenticated state without inserting the card again)

User enters a valid PIN code on the first try and then removes the card and inserts it again and requests a cash advance (invalid transition from authenticated to unauthenticated state without entering the PIN code again)

Reference=ISTQB Advanced Level Test Analyst Syllabus 2019, section 3.2.3;How to Design Test Cases Using State Transition Testing Technique?;0 and 1 - Switch Coverage in State Transition Testing?

Answer : D

A decision table is a technique that shows the possible combinations of conditions and actions for a given problem. A decision table that is not collapsed has one test case for each combination of conditions, regardless of whether the actions are the same or different. The tax system specification has three conditions: salary less than 20,000, married, and number of children between three and four. Each condition has two possible values: true or false. Therefore, the number of test cases for a non-collapsed decision table is 2^3 = 8.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

Decision tables - IBM2, section ''Decision table overview''

Answer : B

Exhibit B is the only state transition diagram that matches the text description of Acme's elevator door rules. It shows that the doors can transition between four states: Opened, Closing, Closed, and Opening. The transitions are triggered by either commands (open or close) or sensors (opened or closed). The diagram also shows that the open command can reverse the closing state, and the close command can reverse the opening state, as specified in the text. The other exhibits do not show the correct transitions or conditions for the elevator door system.Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst, page 2

State Transition Testing Technique with Diagrams, section ''State Transition Diagram''

State Transition Testing - Tutorialspoint, section ''State Transition Diagram''

Answer : B

Testing pairs of combinations is a technique that reduces the number of test cases by testing only two factors at a time, instead of testing all possible combinations. Testing pairs of combinations is based on the assumption that most defects are caused by interactions of at most two factors. Testing pairs of combinations can be applied to this problem using the installation environments, which are the browsers, the operating systems, and the languages. By using testing pairs of combinations, the number of test cases will be lower than exhaustive testing, which would require testing every combination of factors. The formula for calculating the number of test cases for testing pairs of combinations is:

N = P * (P - 1) / 2

where N is the number of test cases, and P is the number of values for each factor. In this problem, P is 4, as there are four browsers, four operating systems, and four languages. Therefore, the number of test cases for testing pairs of combinations is:

N = 4 * (4 - 1) / 2 N = 4 * 3 / 2 N = 12Reference=

ISTQB Certified Tester Advanced Level Syllabus Technical Test Analyst1, page 2

Pairwise Software Testing - GeeksforGeeks2, section ''Introduction''

Pairwise Testing: A Best Practice That Isn't3, section ''Pairwise Testing''