LPI Linux Essentials Certificate, version 1.6 010-160 Exam Practice Test

Answer : A

Web browser cookies are small pieces of data that are stored by a website on a user's browser. They are used to remember information about the user, such as preferences, login details, shopping cart items, etc. Cookies can also be used to identify and track users across different websites, which can have implications for privacy and security. For example, cookies can be used to show targeted ads based on the user's browsing history, or to collect personal information without the user's consent. Cookies are not inherently dangerous, but they can pose some risks if they are misused or compromised by malicious actors.Reference:

Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI), section 1.4.2

1.4 Lesson 1 - Linux Professional Institute Certification Programs, slide 18

Answer : B

RPM stands for RPM Package Manager (formerly known as Red Hat Package Manager), which is a powerful, command-line package management tool developed for the Red Hat operating system.It is now used as a core component in many Linux distributions such as CentOS, Fedora, Oracle Linux, openSUSE and Mageia1.RPM can install, uninstall, and query individual software packages, but it cannot manage dependency resolution like YUM2. YUM is another package management tool that is based on RPM and can handle dependencies automatically.YUM is the primary package management tool for installing, updating, removing, and managing software packages in Red Hat Enterprise Linux2. Therefore, the correct answer is B. rpm, as it is the underlying package management tool used in Red Hat-based Linux systems.Reference:

Linux package management with YUM and RPM | Enable Sysadmin

Chapter 13. Package Management Tool Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 | Red Hat Customer Portal

Difference Between YUM and RPM | 2DayGeek

Answer : B

Reverse DNS lookups query DNS servers for a PTR (pointer) record; if the server does not have a PTR record, it cannot resolve a reverse lookup. PTR records store IP addresses with their segments reversed, and they append ''.in-addr.arpa'' to that. For example, if a domain has an IP address of 192.0.2.1, the PTR record will store the domain's information under 1.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa.In IPv6, the latest version of the Internet Protocol, PTR records are stored within the ''.ip6.arpa'' domain instead of '.in-addr.arpa.'1Therefore, the name of the IP address 198.51.100.165 is stored in the PTR record for 165.100.51.198.in-addr.arpa.Reference:1: Reverse DNS lookup - Wikipedia1

Answer : A

: The ls command is used to list the files and directories in a given path. By default, the ls command displays only the file names, without any additional information. However, the ls command can also take various options to modify its output. For example, the -l option tells ls to display the long format, which includes the file permissions, owner, group, size, date, and name. The -h option tells ls to display the file sizes in a human-readable format, such as KB, MB, GB, etc. The -a option tells ls to display all files, including the hidden ones that start with a dot (.). The -n option tells ls to display the numeric user ID and group ID instead of the user name and group name. Therefore, the only option that does not add any additional information to the file names is the -a option. The command ls -a will display all the file names in the current directory, including the hidden ones, but nothing else.Reference:

Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI), section 2.1.1

2.1 Lesson 1 - Linux Professional Institute Certification Programs, slide 6.

Answer : A, B

A typical shell script is a text file that contains a series of commands or instructions that can be executed by a shell interpreter. A shell script usually has the executable permission bit set, which means that it can be run as a program by the user or another program. A shell script also starts with the two character sequence #!, which is called a shebang or a hashbang. This sequence tells the operating system which shell interpreter to use to run the script. For example, #!/bin/bash indicates that the script should be run by the bash shell.Reference:

Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI)1

Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute Certification Programs2

Answer : A, E

Ubuntu Linux LTS and Red Hat Enterprise Linux are two Linux distributions that meet the requirements of hosting services for a period of several years and receiving important security updates from their Linux distribution.LTS stands for Long Term Support, which means that these versions of Ubuntu Linux are supported by Canonical, the company behind Ubuntu, for five years with security patches, bug fixes, and software updates1.Red Hat Enterprise Linux is a commercial Linux distribution that offers a stable and secure platform for enterprise applications, with a 10-year life cycle and regular security updates from Red Hat, the company behind RHEL2. Fedora Linux, Debian GNU/Linux Unstable, and Ubuntu Linux non-LTS are not suitable for the requirements, because they have shorter support cycles and are more focused on providing the latest features and software versions, rather than stability and security.Fedora Linux releases a new version every six months and each version is supported for 13 months3.Debian GNU/Linux Unstable is the development branch of Debian, which is constantly updated with new packages and changes, but is not intended for production use4.Ubuntu Linux non-LTS releases a new version every six months and each version is supported for nine months1.Reference:

Ubuntu release cycle | Ubuntu

Red Hat Enterprise Linux Life Cycle - Red Hat Customer Portal

Fedora Release Life Cycle - Fedora Project Wiki

Debian Unstable - Debian Wiki

Answer : B, D

The tar command is used to create or extract compressed archive files that contain multiple files or directories. The tar command has the following syntax: tar [options] [archive-file] [file or directory...]. The options argument specifies how the tar command should operate and what kind of compression should be used. The archive-file argument is the name of the archive file to be created or extracted. The file or directory argument is the name of one or more files or directories to be included in or extracted from the archive file.

The following are some of the common options for the tar command:

-c: create a new archive file.

-x: extract files from an existing archive file.

-t: list the contents of an archive file.

-v: show the progress of the operation.

-f: specify the name of the archive file.

-z: use gzip compression or decompression.

-j: use bzip2 compression or decompression.

-J: use xz compression or decompression.

The options -z and -j are used to handle compression with the tar command. The option -z uses the gzip program to compress or decompress the archive file, which usually has the extension .tar.gz or .tgz. The option -j uses the bzip2 program to compress or decompress the archive file, which usually has the extension .tar.bz2 or .tbz. Both gzip and bzip2 are popular compression programs that reduce the size of files by removing redundant or unnecessary information.

For example, to create a compressed archive file called backup.tar.gz that contains the files and directories in the current directory, the following command can be used:

tar -czvf backup.tar.gz .

To extract the files and directories from the archive file backup.tar.gz to the current directory, the following command can be used:

tar -xzvf backup.tar.gz

To create a compressed archive file called backup.tar.bz2 that contains the files and directories in the current directory, the following command can be used:

tar -cjvf backup.tar.bz2 .

To extract the files and directories from the archive file backup.tar.bz2 to the current directory, the following command can be used:

tar -xjvf backup.tar.bz2

The other options in the question are not related to compression. The option -bz is invalid, as there is no such option for the tar command. The option -g is used to create or update an incremental archive file, which only contains the files that have changed since the last backup. The option -z2 is also invalid, as there is no such option for the tar command.Reference:

Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Objectives: 3.1.Archiving Files on the Command Line1

Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Exam Study Resources: Linux Essentials Manual - Chapter 9. The Power of the Command Line - 9.1. Archiving Files on the Command Line - 9.1.1.The tar Command2

Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Exam Study Resources: Linux Essentials Manual - Appendix A. Answers to the Exercises - Chapter 9. The Power of the Command Line - 9.1.Archiving Files on the Command Line - Exercise 9.1.12