What is the primary advantage of container virtualization compared to traditional virtualization?
Answer : B
The primary advantage of container virtualization is faster startup times. Containers share the host OS kernel and do not require booting a full guest operating system, allowing them to start in seconds or milliseconds.
While containers also use fewer resources, the most commonly cited primary benefit in documentation is rapid startup and scalability, making B the correct answer.
Question 2
Which cloud management tools are known for their infrastructure-as-code (IaC) approach? (Select all that apply)
Answer : A, B, C, D
Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is an approach where infrastructure is defined and managed using machine-readable configuration files. According to DevOps and cloud documentation, Puppet, Terraform, AWS CloudFormation, and Ansible all support IaC principles.
Terraform and AWS CloudFormation are declarative IaC tools used to provision cloud infrastructure. Puppet and Ansible are configuration management and automation tools that also enable infrastructure definition through code.
All listed tools are widely recognized in IaC workflows, making A, B, C, and D correct.
Question 3
Which command in the KVM monitor restores a snapshot?
Answer : A
In KVM and QEMU-based virtualization environments, the QEMU monitor provides an interactive interface for managing virtual machine runtime operations. According to KVM documentation, the command used to restore a previously saved snapshot within the monitor is loadvm.
Snapshots capture the state of a virtual machine at a specific point in time, including CPU state, memory, and disk state (depending on configuration). The loadvm command allows administrators to revert a virtual machine back to that saved state, which is especially useful for testing, debugging, and recovery scenarios.
This command is typically used in conjunction with the savevm command, which creates snapshots. The functionality is supported primarily with disk formats such as QCOW2, which allow snapshot capabilities.
Therefore, the correct and documented command is loadvm.
Question 4
What is the primary purpose of Vagrant's ''Vagrantfile'' configuration file?
Answer : A
The Vagrantfile is the core configuration file used by Vagrant to define and control virtual machine environments. According to Vagrant documentation, its primary purpose is to describe the virtual machine configuration, including hardware-related settings such as memory size, CPU count, networking, synced folders, and provisioning instructions.
The Vagrantfile allows developers to declare VM characteristics in a reproducible and portable way, ensuring consistent development environments across teams. While it can also reference providers and provisioning tools, its fundamental role is defining how the virtual machine should be created and configured.
Options B and C are unrelated to Vagrant's purpose, and option D is too narrow, as Vagrantfile usage is not limited to cloud providers.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Question 5
What is Packer?
Answer : B
Packer is an image automation and building tool developed by HashiCorp. According to virtualization and DevOps documentation, Packer is used to create machine images for multiple platforms from a single configuration file.
Packer is not an orchestration platform, configuration management tool, or hypervisor. Its primary role is to ensure consistent, repeatable, and automated image creation, making B the correct answer.
Question 6
What is a container image?
Answer : C
A container image is a static, immutable package that contains an application along with all its required dependencies, libraries, and configuration files. Containerization documentation defines a container image as a snapshot of an application and its runtime environment, which can be instantiated as a running container.
Container images do not include a full operating system kernel; instead, containers share the host system's kernel. This design makes containers lightweight and fast to deploy compared to traditional virtual machines.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
Question 7
FILL BLANK
What LXC command starts a new process within a running LXC container? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)
Answer : A
The lxc-attach command allows the user to start a new process within a running LXC container12. It takes the name of the container as an argument and optionally a command to execute inside the container. If no command is specified, it creates a new shell inside the container1. For example, to list all the files in the home directory of a container named myContainer, one can use:
lxc-attach -n myContainer -- ls -lh /home
1: Executing a command inside a running LXC - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange
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